Despite the significant progress that has been made in the field of medicine, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are on the rise and complicated to prevent or cure. One of the causes of this is that more than three-quarters of all NCD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, with people not reaching 70 years of age. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda considers NCDs to be a major challenge for sustainable development in these countries and in the world in general. One of the targets on the Agenda is to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by one-third by 2030 through prevention and treatment. Conversely, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) predictions in this regard are not as positive, foreseeing a 90% increase by 2050 in the number of NCDs since 2019. Today, as we mark International Health Day, let’s reflect more on these topics and consider some expert opinions.
Key Takeaways:
- Currently, NCDs including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease, are collectively responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide.
- According to the WHO, by 2050, NCDs such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses could constitute 86% of the 90 million deaths recorded annually.
- NCDs impose significant socio-economic burdens, exceeding financial capabilities for treatment, and exacerbating the already existing socioeconomic disparities in developing countries.
- If the trend continues, experts warn of the economic, and social consequences for developing countries, including overwhelmed healthcare systems, and the perpetuation of poverty cycles.
DevelopmentAid: What are the primary factors contributing to the increase of NCDs and why are diagnoses of these mostly encountered in low and middle-developed countries?
“Unhealthy lifestyle choices, including poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, tobacco usage, and excessive alcohol consumption, play a pivotal role in driving the escalating incidence of NCDs. These behaviors are particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where rapid urbanization, shifting dietary patterns, and insufficient access to healthcare and education foster environments that are conducive to NCD development. Moreover, environmental factors such as pollution and exposure to carcinogens amplify the risk. Socioeconomic disparities, characterized by poverty and limited healthcare access, further compound the vulnerability to NCDs among marginalized populations. Additionally, as populations age, physiological changes and the cumulative effects of risk factors contribute to a heightened prevalence of NCDs. These challenges are exacerbated by a lack of awareness and resources for preventive measures, necessitating comprehensive strategies to address the multifaceted determinants driving the NCD epidemic.”
“The surge in NCDs is not a solitary phenomenon; rather it is a tapestry woven with threads of socioeconomic disparities, lifestyle choices, environmental perils and the frailty of public health infrastructure. This intricate interplay becomes even more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries, where the grip of NCDs tightens due to a concoction of factors. NCDs have become of increasing concern in developing countries as they transition from low‐income to middle‐income status and the related influence of globalization on consumption patterns and the aging of populations. Firstly, limited access to healthcare becomes a barrier, a silent barricade preventing timely intervention. In these regions, healthcare facilities are scarce and the scarcity of medical professionals compounds the issue. Financial impediments add another layer, making quality healthcare a distant dream for many. Poverty amplifies the struggle, pushing essential health measures out of reach and increasing stressors that gnaw at the foundations of well-being. Unhealthy lifestyles, marked by poor dietary choices and sedentary habits, contribute significantly to the constant growth of NCDs. Diets high in processed foods and sugars, coupled with insufficient physical activity, lay the groundwork for conditions like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The environment, too, plays a role, casting a shadow with pollutants that infiltrate the air and water. Prolonged exposure to these environmental hazards manifests as respiratory ailments, cardiovascular issues, and a heightened risk of certain cancers.”
“The increasing incidence of NCDs can be attributed to various factors such as unhealthy diets, sedentary lifestyles, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol consumption. These factors are often more prevalent in low and middle-income countries due to limited access to healthcare, poverty, and lack of awareness about preventive measures. It’s crucial to promote education, improve healthcare systems, and encourage healthy behaviours to address this global health challenge.”
“It is a fact that NCDs are on the rise in second and third-world countries. Various lifestyle and environmental factors all contribute greatly to the onset of NCDs and some of them are a direct product of the sluggishness at a global level. There is a need to promote measures that ensure a cleaner, healthier environment. We just can’t absorb the seriousness of the situation even though the signs are everywhere.”
“In addition to the multitude of socio-economic factors (lifestyle, nutrition, familial predisposition), low and middle-income countries have gradually invested in more screening and management infrastructure, human resources and mass awareness that has increased the number of persons being screened and cases identified. Whether or not NCDs are primarily encountered in low and middle-income countries also depends on who is counting. However, by and large, the critical mass of populations in said areas still lacks the essential information and access to quality screening, diagnostic, and management facilities.”
“The primary factors to be considered in these countries are certain behaviors like substance abuse, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets such as soft drinks and packaged ready-to-eat food, and rising stress levels due to unplanned urbanization and economic downturns in socio-political crises and disasters and these definitely lead to four key metabolic/physiological changes (raised blood pressure, overweight/obesity, raised blood glucose, raised cholesterol, cancer, depressive disorders).”
DevelopmentAid: How do NCDs affect individuals and communities, particularly in developing countries?
“NCDs impose significant socio-economic burdens on individuals and communities in developing countries. The direct expenses associated with NCD treatment often exceed the financial capabilities of affected families, leading to financial hardship and even bankruptcy. Furthermore, NCDs diminish productivity through disability and premature mortality, depriving families and communities of valuable contributors to the workforce. This reduction in economic output perpetuates cycles of poverty within the affected regions. Additionally, the responsibility of caregiving, which predominantly falls on family members, particularly women, further impedes their participation in the workforce and educational pursuits. Consequently, NCDs exacerbate existing socioeconomic disparities, impeding the overall development trajectory of the affected countries. Addressing NCDs effectively requires comprehensive strategies that not only prioritize healthcare access and affordability but also seek to mitigate the broader socioeconomic impacts through targeted interventions and support mechanisms.”
“NCDs profoundly impact the socioeconomic fabric of individuals and communities, particularly in developing countries. The economic fallout is multifaceted and exacerbates existing disparities. Health-related expenditure strains limited financial resources as individuals grapple with the high costs of medical care, medications, and prolonged treatment. Productivity takes a hit, as NCDs often lead to absenteeism and reduced work capacity, resulting in income loss for affected individuals. This, in turn, contributes to a cycle of poverty, further restricting access to adequate healthcare and perpetuating the burden of NCDs. Additionally, the burden on caregivers escalates, predominantly falling on family members who may need to reduce their working hours or leave the workforce altogether to provide care. Communities face broader repercussions, with diminished workforce productivity impacting overall economic development. The strain on public health systems diverts funds away from other critical sectors, impeding progress in education and infrastructure. In essence, the socioeconomic impact of NCDs in developing countries creates a vicious cycle, amplifying health and economic disparities and hindering the potential for sustainable development.”
“NCDs can have a significant impact on the socio-economic status of individuals and communities, particularly in developing countries. NCDs often result in increased healthcare costs, loss of productivity, and decreased income due to disability or premature death. This can push individuals and families into poverty and hinder economic development. It’s important to prioritize prevention, early detection, and access to affordable healthcare to mitigate the socioeconomic burden of NCDs.”
“A lack of physical activity causes health problems related to cardiovascular systems and metabolism, along with the development of certain kinds of cancer. Poor, unbalanced diets fail to supply the proper nourishment and nutrients, with problems regarding salt, sugar and fat consumption contributing towards the development of NCDs, particularly diabetes. Abuse of tobacco and alcohol leaves people vulnerable to a host of diseases including lung disease, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Environmental factors resulting from unsustainable practices and emissions influence bodily functions and aid in the development if NCDs.”
“We spoke of the double burden of disease once upon a time; developed countries now face a triple threat with the sentinel surveilled infections (pneumonia and diarrhea) still looming around; public health emergencies (malaria and HIV and new and of pandemic proportions, e.g., COVID) remain critical concerns alongside NCDs. The already struggling health systems continue to deteriorate. Winning the race to reduce the morbidities and mortalities continues to elude us. Despite several compelling discussions of prioritizing health as a driver for socio-economic transformation, little to no developing country government has equitably funded health (at least to match the Abuja declaration). Road traffic injuries are the neglected epidemic that contributes much more to NCDs than hypertension, diabetes and obesity in the developing world. Rehabilitation services remain scarce and unaffordable to the common folk in developing countries. This means that the affected people cannot engage in income-generating activities, constituting vast missed opportunities for their communities.”
“The rising cost of healthcare and out-of-pocket expenses during emergency situations and chronic morbidities, coupled with low-wage available jobs due to sudden disasters and unpredictable crises, have contributed to the socioeconomic status in communities and households across several countries.”
DevelopmentAid: What role can international development organizations play in supporting policy initiatives and governance structures to tackle the rise of NCDs?
“International development organizations play a pivotal role in supporting LMICs in addressing the rising burden of NCDs through various means. They offer technical expertise, financial resources, and capacity-building initiatives to aid in the formulation and implementation of robust NCD prevention and control strategies. This support extends to strengthening healthcare systems, improving the skills of healthcare professionals, and ensuring access to essential medications and technologies. Through advocacy efforts, these organizations elevate the importance of NCDs on the global health agenda, garnering political commitment and resources for effective action. Moreover, they foster collaborative partnerships among governments, civil society, and the private sector, facilitating comprehensive and sustainable approaches to tackling NCDs. By leveraging their expertise and resources, international development organizations contribute significantly to enhancing policy frameworks and governance structures that aim to mitigate the impact of NCDs and promote population health and well-being.”
“Mitigating the escalating NCDs crisis requires a strategic emphasis on prevention, robust healthcare systems and global collaboration. Aligned with the 2030 Agenda, international development organizations play a pivotal role by supporting comprehensive policy initiatives and governance structures. Their multifaceted approach includes vital financial aid, particularly in resource-limited regions, alongside advocacy, capacity-building, and collaborative efforts –forming a frontline defense against the NCD surge. Addressing the social determinants of health, these organizations empower communities to adopt healthier habits, reducing the NCD burden. They advocate for integrating health education into school curricula, developing awareness campaigns, and disseminating NCD risk information. Investing in educational programs, especially for the younger generation, promises a lasting impact by instilling healthy habits early in life. Furthermore, international development organizations act as facilitators, fostering partnerships among governments, private sectors, and communities to enforce regulations on tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy food industries. Their proactive role extends beyond aid, actively engaging governments, private sectors, and communities to combat the multifaceted challenges posed by NCDs. International collaboration is crucial to mitigate the impact of NCDs by collectively addressing the root causes, improving the healthcare infrastructure, and promoting preventive measures.”
“International development organizations can play a crucial role in supporting policy initiatives and governance structures to tackle the rise of NCDs. They can provide technical expertise, funding, and resources to help countries to develop and implement effective strategies. These organizations can also facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration between countries, promoting best practices and evidence-based approaches. By working together, we can create a global response to NCDs and improve the health and well-being of communities worldwide.”
“International development organizations (WHO, UNICEF, Global Fund, WFP, IFRC, ICRC, MSF etc.) should have a strong impact to halt the rise of NCDs by improving policies, increasing funding to development organizations, increasing cooperation with the governments of second and third world countries, participating in improving the infrastructure of health facilities, and organizing the adequate training of medical personnel and the provision of appropriate medication.”
“International development organizations ought to unlock functional and appropriate funding to countries and jurisdiction areas and support these (capacity support in technical assistance) to supplement said funds with bold political and infrastructural investments into institutionalizing community health. Catalytic grants should be earmarked to fund bold programs and projects that are geared towards increasing critical mass awareness, and the routine screening for, early detection of, and comprehensive, integrated management of NCDs. Governments and jurisdiction areas in developing countries must match this funding with financial and human resources to decentralize NCD-related facilities and capacity to lower sub-national levels. Policy conversations to tackle NCDs should echo the need to invest more in quality high ROI primary health care initiatives with a universal health coverage lens to tackle the emerging concern about NCDs.”
“International development organizations are at the forefront of addressing this crisis, playing a critical role in shaping policy initiatives and enhancing governance structures to tackle NCDs effectively. These organizations work tirelessly to provide technical assistance, facilitating knowledge exchange, and mobilizing resources. They support the implementation of comprehensive national strategies aimed at NCD prevention and control, focusing on both urban and rural communities to ensure widespread impact. Moreover, international development organizations advocate for the inclusion of NCDs in global health agendas, ensuring that sufficient attention and resources are allocated to combat these. Their efforts include promoting healthy lifestyles through public health campaigns, supporting research into NCD causes and treatments, and improving access to quality healthcare services. These entities also play a crucial role in building capacity within local healthcare systems, training healthcare professionals, and improving healthcare infrastructure. Their work is pivotal in reversing the current trends of NCDs, improving public health outcomes, and promoting sustainable development. Through global cooperation and targeted policy action, the potential to mitigate the impact of NCDs and foster a healthier future becomes increasingly achievable. International development organizations’ commitment to addressing NCDs illustrates the power of collective action in tackling global health challenges, making a healthier world not just an aspiration but a reachable goal.”
DevelopmentAid: What are the potential future scenarios if the current trends of NCDs in developing countries continue?
“If current trends persist, developing countries face dire health, economic, and social consequences due to NCDs. Escalating healthcare costs threaten to overwhelm already strained health systems, impeding access to vital services and exacerbating disparities in healthcare access. The resulting economic losses, stemming from reduced productivity and increased healthcare expenditure, pose significant obstacles to overall development efforts, perpetuating cycles of poverty within the affected communities. Moreover, widening health inequities deepen existing social divisions, eroding social cohesion and stability. Without concerted action to address the underlying determinants of NCDs and bolster health systems, vulnerable populations in developing nations will disproportionately bear the brunt of this burden, thwarting progress towards sustainable development goals. Mitigating these risks necessitates prioritizing preventive measures, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, and promoting equitable access to healthcare services to develop a healthier and more resilient society.”
“This health crisis extends beyond the medical realm, exacerbating existing societal challenges like poverty and inequality. Individuals facing NCDs may find themselves trapped in a cycle of diminished earning potential, heightened medical costs and limited opportunities for advancement. Economically, the toll on productivity and the workforce may increase poverty, hindering overall development. Public health infrastructure may buckle under the weight of rising NCDs cases, diverting resources from other critical areas such as infectious disease control and maternal health. Vulnerable demographics with limited access to healthcare stand to bear the brunt of NCD disparities, potentially intensifying existing health inequalities.”
“If the current trends of NCDs continue in developing countries, we could see several potential future scenarios. These may include a higher burden on healthcare systems, increased mortality rates, and a significant economic impact due to healthcare costs and lost productivity. It could also exacerbate existing inequalities and hinder social and economic development. That’s why it’s crucial to prioritize prevention, early detection, and access to quality healthcare to change these potential scenarios for the better.”
“Developing direct contact with the governments of second and third-world countries under the umbrella of WHO, UNICEF, WFP etc. and to be on the same page as local government health policy will provide programs to decrease and prevent NCDs (new job opportunities). At the same time, through local volunteers, people with NCDs in different aspects can be supported. Also, through volunteers, media, and TV the population can be informed about NCDs, good life styles and a healthy environment.”
“Productivity will fall, the ability to face stress will be lower, disabled aged employees, and a growing dependency on dwindling funding may become a menace to counter. Threats from newer pathogens and vaccination programs may not adequately assess the existence of NCDs in the community if there are no risk registers or audits in place so that insurance and cash benefits can be handed over whenever there is a crisis.”
See also: Life-threatening infections on the rise: causes, consequences and solutions | Experts’ Opinions
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